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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LED-backlit LCD</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LED TV" redirects here. For true LED displays, see <a href="LED_display" title="LED display">LED display</a>.</div>
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<p>An <b>LED-backlit LCD</b> is a <a href="Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> that uses <a href="LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> for <a href="Backlight" title="Backlight">backlighting</a> instead of traditional <a href="Cold_cathode#Lamps" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode fluorescent</a> (CCFL) backlighting.<sup id="cite_ref-ledtele_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ledtele-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LED-backlit displays use the same <a href="TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT LCD</a> (<a href="Thin-film-transistor_liquid-crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display">thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display</a>) technologies as CCFL-backlit LCDs, but offer a variety of advantages over them.
</p><p>Televisions that use a combination of an LED backlight with an LCD panel are sometimes advertised as <i>LED TV</i>s, although they are not truly <a href="LED_display" title="LED display">LED displays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ledtele_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ledtele-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Backlit LCDs cannot achieve true blacks for pixels, unlike <a href="OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> and <a href="MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a> displays. This is because even in the "off" state, black pixels still allow some light from the backlight through. Some LED-backlit LCDs use local dimming zones to increase contrast between bright and dim areas of the display, but this can result in a "blooming" or "halo" effect on dark pixels in or adjacent to an illuminated zone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_CCFL-backlit_LCDs">Comparison with CCFL-backlit LCDs</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3></div>
<p>When compared with earlier CCFL backlights, using LEDs for backlighting offers:
</p>
<ul><li>Wider color <a href="Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> (with <a href="RGB_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB LED">RGB-LED</a> or QDEF)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dimming range<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Greater contrast ratio</li>
<li>Very slim (some screens are less than 0.5 inches (13 mm) thin in edge-lit panels)</li>
<li>Significantly lighter and cooler, as much as half the total chassis and system weight of a comparable CCFL</li>
<li>Typically 20–30% lower power consumption and longer lifespan</li>
<li>Greater reliability<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LED_arrangements">LED arrangements</h2></div>
<p>LED backlights replace CCFL (fluorescent) lamps with a few to several hundred white, RGB or blue LEDs. An LCD with LED-Backlight may be edge- or direct-lit:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>edge-lit (ELED): LEDs form a line around the rim of the screen. May additionally support:
<ul><li>frame dimming: adjusts the brightness of the entire backlight based on the content displayed, as if local dimming was supported but only with a single zone</li>
<li>local dimming: multiple vertical or horizontal zones are individually controlled</li></ul></li>
<li>direct-lit (DLED) or full-array: LEDs form an array directly behind the screen at equally spaced intervals. May additionally support:
<ul><li>frame dimming: adjusts the brightness of the entire backlight based on the content displayed, as if local dimming was supported but only with a single zone</li>
<li>local dimming: multiple direct-lit LED clusters (rectangles) are individually controlled. Commonly referred to as Full Array Local Dimming (FALD).</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Additionally a special diffusion panel (light guide plate, LGP) is often used to spread the light evenly behind the screen.
</p><p>The local dimming method of backlighting allows to dynamically control the level of light intensity of specific areas of darkness on the screen, resulting in much higher dynamic-contrast ratios, though at the cost of less detail in small, bright objects on a dark background, such as star fields or shadow details.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A 2016 study by the University of California (Berkeley) suggests that the subjectively perceived visual enhancement with common contrast source material levels off at about 60 LCD local dimming zones.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div>
<p>LED-backlit LCDs are not self-illuminating (unlike pure-LED systems). There are several methods of backlighting an LCD panel using LEDs, including the use of either white or RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) LED arrays behind the panel and edge-LED lighting (which uses white LEDs around the inside frame of the TV and a light-diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the LCD panel). Variations in LED backlighting offer different benefits. The first commercial full-array LED-backlit LCD TV was the <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="Qualia_(Sony)" title="Qualia (Sony)">Qualia</a> 005 (introduced in 2004),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which used RGB LED arrays to produce a color gamut about twice that of a conventional CCFL LCD television. This was possible because red, green and blue LEDs have sharp spectral peaks which (combined with the LCD panel filters) result in significantly less bleed-through to adjacent color channels. Unwanted bleed-through channels do not "whiten" the desired color as much, resulting in a larger gamut. RGB LED technology continues to be used on Sony <a href="BRAVIA" class="mw-redirect" title="BRAVIA">BRAVIA</a> LCD models. LED backlighting using white LEDs produces a broader spectrum source feeding the individual LCD panel filters (similar to CCFL sources), resulting in a more limited display gamut than RGB LEDs at lower cost.
</p><p>Television sets described as "LED TVs" are LCD-based, with the LEDs dynamically controlled using the video information<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (dynamic backlight control or dynamic "local dimming" LED backlight, also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan<sup id="cite_ref-USRE42428E_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USRE42428E-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The evolution of energy standards and the increasing public expectations regarding power consumption made it necessary for backlight systems to manage their power. As for other consumer electronics products (e.g., fridges or light bulbs), energy consumption categories are enforced for television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards for power ratings for TV sets have been introduced, e.g., in the US, EU, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that among European countries power consumption is one of the most important criteria for consumers when they choose a television, as important as the screen size.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Using PWM (pulse-width modulation), a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant but the brightness adjustment is achieved by varying a time interval of flashing these constant light intensity light sources,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the backlight is dimmed to the brightest color that appears on the screen while simultaneously boosting the LCD contrast to the maximum achievable levels, drastically increasing the perceived contrast ratio, increasing the dynamic range, improving the viewing angle dependency of the LCD and drastically reducing power consumption.
</p><p>The combination of LED dynamic backlight control<sup id="cite_ref-USRE42428E_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USRE42428E-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in combination with reflective polarizers and prismatic films (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> make these "LED" (LCD) televisions far more efficient than the previous CRT-based sets, leading to a worldwide energy saving of 600 TWh in 2017, equal to 10% of the electricity consumption of all households worldwide, or twice the energy production of all solar cells in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The prismatic and reflective polarization films are generally achieved using so called DBEF films manufactured and supplied by 3M.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reflective polarization films using uniaxial oriented polymerized liquid crystals (birefringent polymers or birefringent glue) were invented in 1989 by Philips researchers Dirk Broer, Adrianus de Vaan and Joerg Brambring.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A first dynamic "local dimming" LED backlight was public demonstrated by <a href="BrightSide_Technologies" title="BrightSide Technologies">BrightSide Technologies</a> in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later commercially introduced for professional markets (such as video post-production).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edge LED lighting was first introduced by <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> in September 2008 on the 40-inch (1,000 mm) BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M (known as the ZX1 in Europe). Edge-LED lighting for LCDs allows thinner housing; the Sony BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M is 1 cm thick, and others are also extremely thin.
</p><p>LED-backlit LCDs have longer life and better <a href="Electrical_efficiency" title="Electrical efficiency">energy efficiency</a> than <a href="Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma</a> and CCFL <a href="LCD_television" title="LCD television">LCD TVs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samsung_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samsung-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike CCFL backlights, LEDs do not use <a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in their manufacture, which is an environmental pollutant. However, other elements (such as <a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> and <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>) are used in the manufacture of the LED emitters; there is debate over whether they are a better long-term solution to the problem of screen disposal.
</p><p>Because LEDs can be switched on and off more quickly than CCFLs and can offer a higher light output, it is theoretically possible to offer very high contrast ratios. They can produce deep blacks (LEDs off) and high brightness (LEDs on). However, measurements made from pure-black and pure-white outputs are complicated by edge-LED lighting not allowing these outputs to be reproduced simultaneously on screen.
</p><p>Full-array mini-LED backlights, consisting of several thousand WLEDs, were being researched for TVs and mobile devices in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The white LEDs in LED backlights may use special silicate phosphors, which are brighter but degrade faster.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the LEDs is one of the factors that determines the size of the bezel of LED-backlit LCDs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_dot_enhancement_film_(QDEF)">Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF)</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a></div>
<p>Quantum dots are <a href="Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescent</a>; they are useful in displays because they emit light in specific, narrow <a href="Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distributions</a> of <a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>. To generate white light best suited as an LCD backlight, parts of the light of a blue-emitting LED are transformed by quantum dots into small-bandwidth green and red light such that the combined white light allows a nearly ideal color <a href="Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> to be generated by the RGB color filters of the LCD panel. The quantum dots may be in a separate layer as a quantum dot enhancement film, or replace pigment-based green and red resists normally used in LCD color filters. In addition, efficiency is improved, as intermediate colors are no longer present and do not have to be filtered out by the color filters of the <a href="LCD_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD screen">LCD screen</a>. This can result in a display that more accurately renders colors in the <a href="Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. Companies developing quantum dot solutions for displays include <a href="Nanosys" title="Nanosys">Nanosys</a>, <a href="3M" title="3M">3M</a> as a licensee of Nanosys, QD Vision of <a href="Lexington%2C_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>, <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, US and Avantama of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of backlighting was demonstrated by various TV manufacturers at the <a href="Consumer_Electronics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samsung introduced their first 'QLED' <a href="Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">quantum dot displays</a> at CES 2017 and later formed the 'QLED Alliance' with <a href="Hisense" title="Hisense">Hisense</a> and <a href="TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL</a> to market the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-qled_alliance_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qled_alliance-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mini_LED">Mini LED</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="MicroLED" title="MicroLED">MicroLED</a>.</div>
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<p>Mini LED displays are LED-backlit LCDs with mini-LED–based backlighting supporting over a thousand full array local dimming (FALD) zones, providing deeper blacks and a higher contrast ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a product that uses Mini LED backlighting is Apple's 2021 year 12.9 inch <a href="IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">iPad Pro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backlight-dimming_flicker">Backlight-dimming flicker</h3></div>
<p>LED backlights are often dimmed by applying <a href="Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> to the supply current, switching the backlight off and on more quickly than the eye can perceive. If the dimming-pulse frequency is too low or the user is sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eyestrain similar to the <a href="Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">flicker of CRT displays</a> at lower <a href="Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be tested by simply waving a hand in front of the screen; if it appears to have sharply defined edges as it moves, the backlight is pulsing at a fairly low frequency. If the hand appears blurry, the display either has a continuously illuminated backlight or is operating at a frequency too high to perceive. Flicker can be reduced (or eliminated) by setting the display to full brightness, although this can degrade image quality and increases power consumption.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Uniformity_tape" title="Uniformity tape">Uniformity tape</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgr.com/2018/07/10/apple-iphone-lcd-6-1-inch-no-bezels/amp/">"New report explains how Apple will eliminate the bezel on its 2018 LCD iPhone"</a>. 10 July 2018.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avantama.com/markets/cadmium-free-quantum-dot-display"><i>Cadmium-free quantum dot display.</i></a> avantama.com. Retrieved 16 August 2019</span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Spectrum, 2012, 8, p.11-12 <i>Quantum Dots Are Behind New Displays</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ces-2015-placing-bets-on-the-new-tv-technologies"><i>CES 2015 - Placing bets on the New TV Technologies.</i></a> IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015</span>
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<li id="cite_note-qled_alliance-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qled_alliance_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1493202792">"Samsung, Hisense & TCL form 'QLED Alliance' to take on OLED - FlatpanelsHD"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155407/http://www.nanosysinc.com/dot-color-archive/2017/4/18/welcome-to-the-qled-era">"QLED Alliance Kicks off in Beijing"</a>. 18 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanosysinc.com/dot-color-archive/2017/4/18/welcome-to-the-qled-era">the original</a> on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShafer2019" class="citation web cs1">Shafer, Rob (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.displayninja.com/mini-led-vs-microled/">"Mini-LED vs MicroLED - What Is The Difference? [Simple Explanation]"</a>. <i>DisplayNinja</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBohn2021" class="citation web cs1">Bohn, Dieter (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/22442084/ipad-pro-2021-review-features-screen-mini-led-m1-processor">"iPad Pro (2021) review: the best screen, but is that enough?"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015184225/http://tftcentral.co.uk/articles/content/pulse_width_modulation.htm#side_effects">"TFT Central"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tftcentral.co.uk/articles/content/pulse_width_modulation.htm#side_effects">the original</a> on 15 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LED-backlit_Liquid_crystal_displays" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:LED-backlit Liquid crystal displays">LED-backlit Liquid crystal displays</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
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</style><div id="Display_technology191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Display_device" title="Display device">Display technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Display_device#video_display" title="Display device">Video displays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Past<br>generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li>
<li><a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT)</li>
<li><a href="Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li>
<li><a href="Electroluminescent_display" title="Electroluminescent display">Electroluminescent display</a> (ELD)</li>
<li><a href="Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">Rear-projection display</a></li>
<li><a href="Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display panel</a> (PDP)
<ul><li><a href="Alternate_lighting_of_surfaces" title="Alternate lighting of surfaces">ALiS</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current <br>generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a> (QLED)</li>
<li><a href="Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a>
<ul><li><a href="E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a></li>
<li><a href="Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="LED_display" title="LED display">Light-emitting diode display</a> (LED)
<ul><li><a href="OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)
<ul><li><a href="AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode</a> (AMOLED)</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD)
<ul><li><a href="TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT</a>
<ul><li><a href="Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">TN</a></li>
<li><a href="IPS_panel" title="IPS panel">IPS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blue_phase_mode_LCD" title="Blue phase mode LCD">Blue Phase</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Digital_light_processing" title="Digital light processing">Digital light processing</a> (DLP)</li>
<li><a href="Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">Liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next <br>generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_dot_display#Self-emissive_quantum_dot_diodes" title="Quantum dot display">Electroluminescent Quantum Dots</a> (ELQD/QD-LED)</li>
<li><a href="Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic light-emitting transistor</a> (OLET)</li>
<li><a href="Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">Surface-conduction electron-emitter display</a> (SED)</li>
<li><a href="Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">Field-emission display</a> (FED)</li>
<li><a href="Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser TV</a>
<ul><li><a href="Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot</a></li>
<li><a href="Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> display
<ul><li><a href="Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">IMoD</a></li>
<li><a href="Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">Ferroelectric liquid crystal display</a> (FLCD)</li>
<li><a href="Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology</a> (TDEL)</li>
<li><a href="Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">Laser-powered phosphor display</a> (LPD)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanical</a>
<ul><li><a href="Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">Flip-dot</a></li>
<li><a href="Split-flap_display" title="Split-flap display">Split-flap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Text_display#Eggcrate_displays" title="Text display">Eggcrate</a></li>
<li><a href="Fiber-optic_display" title="Fiber-optic display">Fiber-optic</a></li>
<li><a href="Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li>
<li><a href="Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a> (VFD)</li>
<li><a href="Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">Light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> (LEC)</li>
<li><a href="Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">Lightguide display</a></li>
<li><a href="Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">Dot-matrix display</a></li>
<li><a href="Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">Seven-segment display</a> (SSD)</li>
<li><a href="Eight-segment_display" title="Eight-segment display">Eight-segment display</a></li>
<li><a href="Nine-segment_display" title="Nine-segment display">Nine-segment display</a></li>
<li><a href="Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">Fourteen-segment display</a> (FSD)</li>
<li><a href="Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a> (SISD)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic</a></li>
<li><a href="Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopic</a></li>
<li><a href="Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopic</a></li>
<li><a href="Holography" title="Holography">Hologram</a>
<ul><li><a href="Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric</a></li>
<li><a href="Fog_display" title="Fog display">Fog display</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li>
<li><a href="Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li>
<li><a href="Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li>
<li><a href="Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li>
<li><a href="Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">Transparency</a></li>
<li><a href="Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">Laser beam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display capabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a>
<ul><li><a href="CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">CEA-861</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="DisplayID" title="DisplayID">DisplayID</a></li>
<li><a href="Always-on_display" title="Always-on display">Always-on display</a></li>
<li><a href="See-through_display" title="See-through display">See-through display</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Scan_line" title="Scan line">Scan line</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Large-screen_television_technology" title="Large-screen television technology">Large-screen television technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li>
<li><a href="High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High Dynamic Range</a> (HDR)</li>
<li><a href="Color_Light_Output" title="Color Light Output">Color Light Output</a></li>
<li><a href="Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_CRT%2C_LCD%2C_plasma%2C_and_OLED_displays" title="Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays">Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_display_technology" title="Comparison of display technology">Comparison of display technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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